The Maranao people of the Philippines, primarily residing around Lake Lanao in Mindanao, have a rich cultural and spiritual tradition shaped by pre-Islamic beliefs and later Islamic influences. Their mythology is preserved through oral literature, particularly in the epic Darangen, which recounts legendary tales of heroes, deities, and supernatural beings.
Cosmology and Spiritual Worldview
Maranao mythology presents a layered universe composed of various realms:
- Seven Layers of Heaven (Langit) – The domain of celestial beings and deities.
- Seven Layers of Earth (Dunya) – The physical world where humans and spirits dwell.
- Seven Layers of the Underworld – A mysterious and often perilous realm of spirits.
The cosmology reflects an intricate understanding of the balance between the human, spiritual, and divine worlds.
Major Deities and Mythological Figures
Allah and Islamic Influence
Following the spread of Islam in the 14th century, Allah became the supreme deity in Maranao belief. However, many pre-Islamic mythological elements persisted, blending with Islamic teachings.
Diwata sa Lupa – Earth Deities
Diwata are nature spirits and deities governing different aspects of the world. They are often associated with specific locations, such as mountains, lakes, and forests.
Tonongs – Guardian Spirits
Tonongs are ancestral guardian spirits that protect families, warriors, and sacred places. They are often invoked for guidance and strength.
Apo sa Lanao – Guardian of Lake Lanao
Apo sa Lanao is the spiritual protector of Lake Lanao, ensuring its waters remain pure and abundant. Fishermen and travelers offer prayers for safe passage.
Heroes and Mythological Figures
Bantugan – The Epic Hero
Rajah Indarapatra and Rajah Bantugan are among the most celebrated figures in Maranao mythology. Bantugan, a warrior-prince, is the protagonist of many Darangen tales. He is portrayed as a noble and invincible warrior whose strength and wisdom lead his people to victory.
Indarapatra and Sulayman – Legendary Saviors
The brothers Indarapatra and Sulayman are central to many Maranao myths. Sulayman fought and defeated terrifying beasts threatening the land, such as:
- Tarabusaw – A monstrous demon.
- Kurita – A multi-limbed sea creature.
- Pah – A gigantic bird that devoured entire villages.
After Sulayman’s death, Indarapatra revived him using magical waters, demonstrating the power of heroism and divine intervention.
Mythological Creatures and Spirits
Sarimanok – The Divine Bird
The Sarimanok is a legendary bird, often depicted with intricate patterns and vibrant feathers. It serves as a messenger of the gods and symbolizes prosperity, wisdom, and divine guidance.
Tonong – Supernatural Warriors
Tonongs are mystical beings who assist warriors and rulers. They can shape-shift and wield extraordinary powers in battle.
Busaw – Flesh-Eating Spirits
Busaws are malevolent spirits that consume human flesh. They are feared as bringers of death and disease.
Kikik – Night-Dwelling Creatures
The Kikik is believed to be a shape-shifting entity that preys on pregnant women and newborns, similar to the Aswang of Visayan folklore.
Rituals and Religious Practices
Pag-ampo (Prayers and Offerings)
Traditional Maranao rituals involve pag-ampo, prayers and offerings made to spirits and ancestors for protection, guidance, and blessings.
Kandaonga (Healing Rituals)
Kandaonga rituals are performed by shamans or elders to heal sicknesses caused by supernatural forces. They involve chanting, herbal medicine, and spiritual intercessions.
Panolong and Symbolic Architecture
The Panolong, a decorative wooden beam found in torogan (royal houses), is adorned with carvings of the Sarimanok and other mythological symbols, reflecting the deep integration of Maranao mythology into daily life.
Maranao mythology, preserved in the Darangen and oral traditions, continues to shape the cultural identity of the Maranao people, blending pre-Islamic spiritual elements with Islamic teachings.